aversive stimulus造句

• Negative reinforcement occurs when a dog discovers that a particular response ends the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
• Negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus after a behavior that increases the frequency of that behavior.
• Oxytocin enhances the aversive social memory, leading the rat to display a greater fear response when the aversive stimulus is encountered again.
• Those opposed to their use suggest that they cause unnecessary pain and suffering to dogs, through the application of an aversive stimulus.
• When an individual is presented with a conditioned, aversive stimulus, it is processed within the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response.
• Whether the aversive stimulus is brought on intentionally by another or is naturally occurring, it is adaptive to learn to avoid situations that have previously yielded negative outcomes.
• Overuse of negative reinforcement in any training method to increase rates of desired behaviors can produce anxiety and stress in the horse until the aversive stimulus or " pressure " is released.
• Punishment is the application of an aversive stimulus / event ( positive punishment or punishment by contingent stimulation ) or the removal of a desirable stimulus ( negative punishment or punishment by contingent withdrawal ).
• The punishment side of aversion therapy is when an aversive stimulus is presented at the same time that a negative stimulus and then they are stopped at the same time when a positive stimulus or response is presented.
• When an aversive stimulus was included in a trial ( i . e ., a blowdryer would blast hot air and noise at a mouse ), mice that were sleep deprived were less anxious on subsequent trials.
• Several streams of information from multiple brain areas converge on the lateral amygdala, allowing for the creation of associations that regulate fear-conditioning; Cells in the superior dorsal lateral amygdala are able to rapidly pair the neutral stimulus with the aversive stimulus.
• Moreover, avoidance learning, which involves the subject learning that a particular response leads to prevention of an aversive stimulus, is correlated with a definite increase in activation of Erk, Elk1, and " c-fos " in the hippocampus.
• "Covert positive reinforcement " is intended to increase a behavior by imagining a reinforcing experience in connection with the behavior . " Covert negative reinforcement " attempts to increase a behavior by connecting the termination of an aversive stimulus with increased production of a target behavior.
• For example, in the past to decrease self-injurious behavior in an individual, behaviorists may have delivered an aversive stimulus contingent on the response, or assume a reinforcer without identifying the reinforcer that would be most motivating to the client ( Iwata, 1988 ).
• Methodologically, a'Sidman avoidance procedure'is an experiment in which the subject is periodically presented with an aversive stimulus, such as the introduction of carbon dioxide or an electric shock, unless they produce a particular response, such as pulling a plunger, which delays the stimulus by a certain amount of time.
• In the paper, Carr described five potential causes for self-injurious behaviors that included ( 1 ) positive social reinforcement contingent on the response, ( 2 ) negative reinforcement in the form of removal of an aversive stimulus contingent on the response, ( 3 ) the response produced stimuli possessed reinforcing qualities ( automatic reinforcement ), ( 4 ) the behavior was a byproduct of an underlying psychological condition, and ( 5 ) psychodynamic hypothesis in which the behavior was an attempt to reduce guilt.
• The effects of " P . subcaerulipes " consumption on obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) have been tested using marble-burying behavior in mice, a commonly used animal model of OCD . When presented with an aversive stimulus such as shocks, puffs of air, or noxious food, rodents will exhibit a behavior called " defensive burying ", where they will displace bedding material with their nose and forepaws; the marble-burying test takes advantage of this behavior by measuring how many glass marbles a rodent will bury under the effect of different stimuli.